anarchy." The first archon drawn after their fall was Euclides, who gave his name to a year ever afterwards memorable among the Athenians. The democracy, though smarting under recent wrongs, behaved with great moderation; a circumstance, however, which may in some degree be accounted for by the facts, that 3000 of the more influential citizens had been more or less implicated in the proceedings of the Thirty, and that the number of those entitled to the franchise was now reduced by its being restricted to such only as were born of an Athenian mother as well as father. Eleusis was soon afterwards brought back into community with Athens. The only reward of Thrasybulus and his party were wreaths of olive, and 1000 drachmæ given for a common sacrifice.

But though Athens thus obtained internal peace, she was left a mere shadow of her former self. Her fortifications, her fleet, her revenues, and the empire founded on them had vanished; and her history henceforwards consists of struggles, not to rule over others, but to maintain her own independence.

Clio, the Muse of History.

§ 1. Situation of Athens. § 2. Origin and progress of the ancient city. § 3. Extent of the new city. Piræus and the ports. § 4. General appearance of Athens. Population. § 5. Periods and general character of Attic art. § 6. Sculptors of the first period. Ageladas, Onatas, and others. § 7. Second period. Phidias. § 8. Polycletus and Myron. § 9. Painting. Polygnotus. § 10. Apollodorus, Zeuxis, and Parrhasius. § 11. Architecture. Monuments of the age of Cimon. The temple of Niké Apteros, the Theseum, and the Poecile Stoa. § 12. The Acropolis and its monuments. The Propylæa. § 13. The Parthenon. § 14. Statues of Athena. § 15. The Erechtheum. § 16. Monuments in the Asty. The Dionysiac theatre. The Odeum of Pericles. The Areopagus. The Pnyx. The Agora and Ceramicus. § 17. Monuments out of Attica. The Temple of Jove at Olympia. § 18. The Temple of Apollo near Phigalia.

§ 1. In the present book we have beheld the rise of Athens from the condition of a second or third rate city to the headship of Greece: we are now to contemplate her triumphs in the

peaceful but not less glorious pursuits of art, and to behold her establishing an empire of taste and genius, not only over her own nation and age, but over the most civilized portion of the world throughout all time.

First of all, however, it is necessary to give a brief description of Athens itself, the repository, as it were, in which the most precious treasures of art were preserved. Athens is situated about three miles from the sea-coast, in the central plain of Attica, which is enclosed by mountains on every side except the south, where it is open to the sea. In the southern part of the plain rise several eminences. Of these the most prominent is a lofty insulated mountain, with a conical peaked summit, now called the Hill of St. George, and which bore in ancient times the name of Lycabettus. This mountain, which was not included within the ancient walls, lies to the north-east of Athens, and forms the most striking feature in the environs of the city. It is to Athens what Vesuvius is to Naples, or Arthur's Seat to Edinburgh. South-west of Lycabettus there are four hills of moderate height, all of which formed part of the city. Of these the nearest to Lycabettus, and at the distance of a mile from the latter, was the Acropolis, or citadel of Athens, a square craggy rock rising abruptly about 150 feet, with a flat summit of about 1000 feet long from east to west, by 500 feet broad from north to south. Immediately west of the Acropolis is a second hill of irregular form, the Areopagus. To the southwest there rises a third hill, the Payx, on which the assemblies of the citizens were held; and to the south of the latter is a fourth hill, known as the Museum. On the eastern and western sides of the city there run two small streams, which are nearly exhausted before they reach the sea, by the heats of summer and by the channels for artificial irrigation. That on the east is the Ilissus, which flowed through the southern quarter of the city : that on the west is the Cephissus. South of the city was seen the Saronic Gulf, with the harbours of Athens. The ground on which Athens stands is a bed of hard limestone rock, which the ingenuity of the inhabitants converted to architectural purposes, by hewing it into walls, levelling it into pavements, and forming it into steps, seats, cisterns, and other objects of utility or ornament. The noblest description of Athens is given by Milton in his Paradise Regained :

"Look once more, ere we leave this specular mount,
Westward, much nearer by south-west behold,

Where on the Egean shore a city stands,

Built nobly; pure the air, and light the soil;

Athens, the eye of Greece, mother of arts

And eloquence, native to famous wits,

Or hospitable, in her sweet recess,

City or suburban, studious walks and shades.
See there the olive grove of Academe,

Plato's retirement, where the Attic bird

Trills her thick warbled notes the summer long;
There flowery hill Hymettus, with the sound
Of bees' industrious murmur, oft invites
To studious musing; there Ilissus rolls

His whispering stream: within the walls then view
The schools of ancient sages; his who bred
Great Alexander to subdue the world,
Lyceum there, and painted Stoa next."

Plan of Athens.

1. Pnyx Ecclesia.

2. Theseum.

3. Theatre of Dionysus.

§ 2. Athens is said to have derived its name from the prominence given to the worship of Athena by its King Erechtheus. The inhabitants were previously called Cranai and Cecropidæ, from Cecrops, who, according to tradition, was the original founder of the city. This at first occupied only the hill or rock which afterwards became the Acropolis; but gradually the buildings began to spread over the ground at the southern foot of this hill. It was not till the time of Pisistratus and his sons (B.c. 560-514) that the city began to assume any degree of splendour. The most remarkable building of these despots was the gigantic temple of the Olympian Jove, which, however,

was not finished till many centuries later. In B.C. 500, the theatre of Dionysus was commenced on the south-eastern slope of the Acropolis, but was not completed till B.C. 340; though it must have been used for the representation of plays long before that period.

§3. Xerxes reduced the ancient city almost to a heap of ashes. After the departure of the Persians, its reconstruction on a much larger scale was commenced under the superintendence of Themistocles, whose first care was to provide for its safety by the erection of walls. The Acropolis now formed the centre of the city, round which the new walls described an irregular circle of about 60 stadia, or 7 miles in circumference. The new walls were built in great haste in consequence of the attempts of the Spartans to interrupt their progress; but though this occasioned great irregularity in their structure, they were nevertheless firm and solid. The space thus enclosed formed the Asty, or city, properly so called. But the views of Themistocles were not confined to the mere defence of Athens: he contemplated making her a great naval power, and for this purpose adequate docks and arsenals were required. Previously the Athenians had used as their only harbour the open roadstead of Phalerum on the eastern side of the Phaleric bay, where the seashore is nearest to Athens. But Themistocles transferred the naval station of the Athenians to the peninsula of Piræus, which is distant about 44 miles from Athens, and contains three natural harbours,—a large one on the western side, called simply Piraus or The Harbour, and two smaller ones on the eastern side, called respectively Zea and Munychia, the latter being nearest to the city. Themistocles seems to have anticipated from the first that the port-town would speedily become as large a place as the Asty or city itself; for the walls which he built around the peninsula of Piræus were of the same circumference as those of Athens, and were 14 or 15 feet thick. It was not, however, till the time of Pericles that Piræus was regularly laid out as a town by the architect, Hippodamus of Miletus. It was also in the administration and by the advice of Pericles, but in pursuance of the policy of Themistocles, that the walls were built which connected Athens with her ports. These were at first the outer or northern Long Wall, which ran from Athens to Piræus, and the Phaleric wall connecting the city with Phalerum. These were commenced in B.C. 457, and finished in the following year. It was soon found, however, that the space thus inclosed was too vast to be easily defended; and as the port of Phalerum

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